Englanti, syksy 2024 – yo-kokeen tehtävät ja ratkaisut

Read the text carefully and fill in each gap in English according to the clue and using the correct form in each sentence. Clues can be English words to be used in the correct form or Finnish words to be translated into English. If there is a grammatical term, a suitable grammatical item should be inserted.

Although Bakhtin was active {{1}} (preposition) the debates on aesthetics and literature that took place in {{2}} (Neuvostoliitto) in the 1920s, his distinctive position did not become well known until he was rediscovered by Russian scholars in the 1960s.

Bakhtin was born in Oryol, Russia, to an old family of the nobility. His father was a bank manager who worked in several cities. For this reason Bakhtin spent his early childhood years in Oryol, in Vilnius, and then in Odessa, where in 1913 he joined the historical and philological faculty at the local university (the Odessa University). He later transferred to Petrograd Imperial University to join his brother Nikolai. It is here that Bakhtin was greatly influenced by the classicist F. F. Zelinsky, {{3}} (jonka) works contain the beginnings of concepts elaborated by Bakhtin.

Bakhtin completed his studies in 1918. He then moved to a small city in western Russia, Nevel (Pskov Oblast), where he worked as {{4}} (koulunopettaja) for two years. It was at that time that the first "Bakhtin Circle" formed. The group consisted of intellectuals with varying interests, but all shared a love for the discussion of literary, religious, and political topics. It was in Nevel, also, that Bakhtin worked {{5}} (väsymättä) on a large work concerning moral philosophy {{6}} (joka) was never published in its entirety. However, in 1919, a short section of this work was published and given the title "Art and Responsibility". This piece constitutes Bakhtin's first published work. Bakhtin relocated to Vitebsk in 1920. It was here, in 1921, that Bakhtin married Elena Aleksandrovna Okolovič.

Later, in 1923, Bakhtin was diagnosed with osteomyelitis, a bone disease that ultimately led to amputation of a leg in 1938. Repression and misplacement of his manuscripts would plague Bakhtin throughout his career. In 1929, "Problems of Dostoevsky's Art", Bakhtin's first major work, was published. It is here that Bakhtin introduces the concept of dialogism.

During the six years he spent working as a bookkeeper in the town of Kustanai, he wrote several important essays, including "Discourse in the Novel". In 1936, living in Saransk, he became an obscure figure in a provincial college, dropping out of view and teaching only occasionally. In 1937, Bakhtin moved to Savelovo, across the river {{7}} (preposition) Kimry, a town located one hundred kilometers from Moscow. Here, he completed work on a book concerning the 18th-century German novel, which was subsequently accepted by the Sovetskii Pisatel' Publishing House. However, the only copy of the manuscript disappeared during the upheaval caused by the German invasion of 1941. After the amputation of a leg in 1938, Bakhtin's health improved and he {{8}} (tuli) more prolific.

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